Hàng đợi (Queue) là cấu trúc dữ liệu trừu tượng tuân theo cơ chế FIFO (First In First Out) - phần tử vào trước được lấy ra trước.
Ví dụ
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct node {
int data;
struct node *next;
};
struct node* front = NULL;
struct node* rear = NULL;
struct node* temp;
void Insert() {
int val;
cout << "Insert the element in queue: " << endl;
cin >> val;
if (rear == NULL) {
rear = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
rear->next = NULL;
rear->data = val;
front = rear;
} else {
temp = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
rear->next = temp;
temp->data = val;
temp->next = NULL;
rear = temp;
}
}
void Delete() {
temp = front;
if (front == NULL) {
cout << "Underflow" << endl;
return;
} else if (temp->next != NULL) {
temp = temp->next;
cout << "Element deleted from queue is: " << front->data << endl;
free(front);
front = temp;
} else {
cout << "Element deleted from queue is: " << front->data << endl;
free(front);
front = NULL;
rear = NULL;
}
}
void Display() {
temp = front;
if ((front == NULL) && (rear == NULL)) {
cout << "Queue is empty" << endl;
return;
}
cout << "Queue elements are: ";
while (temp != NULL) {
cout << temp->data << " ";
temp = temp->next;
}
cout << endl;
}
int main() {
int ch;
cout << "1) Insert element to queue" << endl;
cout << "2) Delete element from queue" << endl;
cout << "3) Display all the elements of queue" << endl;
cout << "4) Exit" << endl;
do {
cout << "Enter your choice: " << endl;
cin >> ch;
switch (ch) {
case 1: Insert(); break;
case 2: Delete(); break;
case 3: Display(); break;
case 4: cout << "Exit" << endl; break;
default: cout << "Invalid choice" << endl;
}
} while(ch != 4);
return 0;
}
Kết quả
1) Insert element to queue 2) Delete element from queue 3) Display all the elements of queue 4) Exit Enter your choice: 1 Insert the element in queue: 4 Enter your choice: 1 Insert the element in queue: 3 Enter your choice: 1 Insert the element in queue: 5 Enter your choice: 2 Element deleted from queue is: 4 Enter your choice: 3 Queue elements are: 3 5 Enter your choice: 7 Invalid choice Enter your choice: 4 Exit
Hàm Insert() - Thêm phần tử
Nếu rear là NULL → hàng đợi rỗng, tạo nút đầu tiên. Ngược lại, thêm nút mới sau rear và cập nhật rear.
void Insert() {
int val;
cout << "Insert the element in queue: " << endl;
cin >> val;
if (rear == NULL) {
rear = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
rear->next = NULL;
rear->data = val;
front = rear;
} else {
temp = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
rear->next = temp;
temp->data = val;
temp->next = NULL;
rear = temp;
}
}
Hàm Delete() - Xóa phần tử
Nếu front là NULL → Underflow. Nếu chỉ có một phần tử → xóa và đặt front, rear = NULL. Ngược lại, xóa front và di chuyển front sang nút tiếp theo.
void Delete() {
temp = front;
if (front == NULL) {
cout << "Underflow" << endl;
return;
} else if (temp->next != NULL) {
temp = temp->next;
cout << "Element deleted from queue is: " << front->data << endl;
free(front);
front = temp;
} else {
cout << "Element deleted from queue is: " << front->data << endl;
free(front);
front = NULL;
rear = NULL;
}
}
Hàm Display() - Hiển thị
Duyệt từ front đến cuối danh sách bằng con trỏ temp.
void Display() {
temp = front;
if ((front == NULL) && (rear == NULL)) {
cout << "Queue is empty" << endl;
return;
}
cout << "Queue elements are: ";
while (temp != NULL) {
cout << temp->data << " ";
temp = temp->next;
}
cout << endl;
}
Hàm main() - Menu điều khiển
int main() {
int ch;
cout << "1) Insert element to queue" << endl;
cout << "2) Delete element from queue" << endl;
cout << "3) Display all the elements of queue" << endl;
cout << "4) Exit" << endl;
do {
cout << "Enter your choice: " << endl;
cin >> ch;
switch (ch) {
case 1: Insert(); break;
case 2: Delete(); break;
case 3: Display(); break;
case 4: cout << "Exit" << endl; break;
default: cout << "Invalid choice" << endl;
}
} while(ch != 4);
return 0;
}