Triển khai kế hoạch bảo mật mạng (Network Security Plan Implementation)

Các bước triển khai Kế hoạch Bảo mật Mạng

Asset Inventory: Liệt kê tất cả tài sản (Hardware, Software, Data, People, Cloud)
Risk Assessment: Xác định threat, vulnerability, likelihood, impact → Risk Register
Gap Analysis: So sánh hiện trạng với tiêu chuẩn (NIST CSF, ISO 27001, CIS Controls)
Define Scope & Objectives: Bảo vệ gì? Mức độ nào? Tuân thủ quy định nào?
Budget & Resource Approval: Trình lãnh đạo duyệt ngân sách, nhân sự, timeline

Network Segmentation: DMZ, Management VLAN, Server VLAN, User VLAN, IoT VLAN, Guest VLAN – Zero Trust Micro-segmentation
Perimeter Defense: Next-Gen Firewall (NGFW), IPS, DDoS Protection, WAF
Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA): Identity-based access, không tin cậy mặc định
Secure Remote Access: VPN (IPsec/WireGuard) + MFA, hoặc ZTNA clientless
Encryption: TLS 1.3 everywhere, IPsec VPN, Disk Encryption (BitLocker, LUKS), Database TDE

Information Security Policy (Chính sách cấp cao)
Acceptable Use Policy (AUP)
Access Control Policy (Least Privilege, Need-to-Know, Segregation of Duties)
Incident Response Plan (IRP) + Playbooks (Phishing, Ransomware, Data Breach, DDoS)
Business Continuity / Disaster Recovery (BCP/DRP) + RTO/RPO
Change Management, Patch Management, Vendor Risk Management

Security Awareness Training: Phishing simulation, Password hygiene, Social engineering, Reporting
Role-based Training: Dev (Secure Coding), Admin (Hardening), Exec (Whaling risk)
Insider Threat Program: UEBA, DLP, Privileged Access Monitoring

KPIs/Metrics: MTTD, MTTR, Patch latency, Phish click rate, Vuln aging, Coverage %
Continuous Monitoring: SIEM 24/7, Threat Hunting hàng tuần/tháng
Internal Audit & Assessment: Quarterly self-assessment, Annual third-party audit
Penetration Test / Red Team: Năm 1 lần (hoặc sau thay đổi lớn)
Tabletop Exercise / Drill: Quý 1 lần
Feedback Loop: Lessons learned → Update Policy/Control/Architecture

NIST CSF 2.0 (Govern, Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover) – Khung làm việc toàn diện nhất hiện nay.

Domain	Controls	Công cụ/Ví dụ
Network Monitoring	NetFlow/sFlow, PCAP, Zeek, NIDS/NIPS	Corelight, Darktrace, Suricata, Cisco Stealthwatch
Endpoint Security	EDR/XDR, AV/NGAV, App Control, USB Control	CrowdStrike, SentinelOne, Cortex XDR, Defender for Endpoint
Identity & Access	MFA, PAM, IAM, SSO, JIT Access, Cert-based Auth	Okta, Azure AD, CyberArk, BeyondTrust, HashiCorp Vault
Vulnerability Mgmt	Scan, Prioritize (CVSS+EPSS), Patch, Verify	Tenable, Qualys, Rapid7, Automox, JetPatch
Data Protection	DLP, Classification, Encryption, Backup, DR	Forcepoint, Symantec DLP, Veeam, Rubrik, Commvault
Security Operations	SIEM, SOAR, Threat Intel, Incident Response	Splunk, Elastic, Sentinel, Cortex XSOAR, MISP